Journal of Nano Structures
Volume:11 Issue: 4, Autumn 2021

The adsorption mode of arsine (AsH3) molecules on the P‒doped, Cr‒, Mo‒, W‒embedded, and also Cr/P‒, Mo/P‒, and W/P‒codoped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) compounds were investigated upon density functional theory (DFT) computations. The calculated adsorption energy of AsH3 gas on the aforementioned systems were -0.508, -2.413, -2.642, -3.094, -2.432, -2.702, and -3.105 eV, respectively. These results displayed that the sensitivity of g-C3N4 system for the adsorption of AsH3 gas can be significantly improved by introducing an appropriate transition metal (TM) dopant. Therefore, the TM/P–modified g-C3N4 systems were found more suitable for adsorption and detection of AsH3 gas than the pure g-C3N4 system. The band results illustrated that with codoping of Cr/P, Mo/P, and W/P atoms on the g-C3N4 and then adsorption of AsH3 molecules, the electrical conductivity of systems remarkably reduces due to the created new impurity energy levels close to the Fermi level. The results of the relaxed structures revealed that with adsorption of AsH3 on the g-C3N4 and the modified g-C3N4 with TM/P atoms, the initial structure of g-C3N4 system automatically chances from planar to wrinkles structure. The results of charge transfer analysis showed that the electron density accumulation region is located on the orbitals of AsH3 molecules, resulting from the electron transfer from TM‒modified g-C3N4 systems to AsH3 gas. Overall, it can be inferred that the W/P–codoped g-C3N4 with the highest adsorption energy of -3.105 eV is more suitable than those of Cr/P‒ and Mo/P‒codoped g-C3N4 systems for detecting and removing of AsH3 molecules from the environment.

The study evaluated the effect of TiO2 NPs mixed with pigment on liver and kidney weight. Liver weight in G1, which is administrated with low dose of prodigiosin decreased significantly compared to liver weight in control group. No significant differences were found in kidney weight between the study groups in comparison with the control. The results also, showed highly significant increase in the level of GOT enzyme in G3, G4, G5 and G. This may confirm the effect of TiO 2 NPs in restricting the prodigioisin effect and increasing its toxicity. All the study groups showed highly significant increase in urea level when compared to its level in the control group. G1, which is administrated with low dose of prodigiosin showed the highest urea levels among other groups. Same thing about GPT enzyme level, in G1 and G2 become less in a significant way than its level in the control group. The cytotoxic effects of TiO2 NPs increased when the dose was raised, according to the results of this investigation. However, the presence of Prodigiosin inhibits the activity of nanoparticles and reduces their negative effects in essential organs (liver and kidney).

Stable and rapid zinc oxide and zinc sulphide nanocomposite with high antimicrobial efficiency was investigated by chemical route. The composite ZnS-ZnO has much importance because of their various application in different filed and as it shows enhanced and wide band gap with tunable size. The synthesized nanocomposite shows excellent antimicrobial activity in with sun light. The structural and size was estimated by various instrument like XRD, UV- Visible spectrometer, HRTEM, HRSEM and bonding was analyzed by FTIR analysis. Surface was studied through AFM. The sample in PL spectra shows the defect states and it was red shifted. The size of the particles were decreases when more photon induced in the samples. The size and band gap of the prepared samples depends mainly the parameters like ZnS and ZnO ratio, reaction time and pH of the composite. The optimizing ZnS-ZnO nanocomposite exhibits promising antibacterial effects in pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The energy band of nanocomposite is higher compared to individual bulk value of ZnS and ZnO. Due to the high chemical affinity and active antimicrobial activity, it has large possible application in water purification. In our attempt it is found that the optimum condition for smaller particle size and high efficient antimicrobial activity the composite ratio of ZnS and ZnO is 5:3 and pH 0.7.

Polymer poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was doped with Potassium hexafluoro phosphate (KPF6) and TiO2 nanomaterials for different weight ratio (0, 10, 20) % were prepared by cast solution method to produced thin films of PVP/KPF6, PVP/TiO2 and PVP/KPF6-TiO2. The characterization of thin films such as TGA analysis and the absorption spectra of thin films at the range wave number (300-800) nm were studied. It is found that the weight loss for polymer PVP was decreased with increase of weight ratio for added KPF6 but it has no effect with increase TiO2 nanocomposite. For absorption spectra we see that adding TiO2 nanocomposite to the polymer PVP is better than of KPF6 salt. And the energy gap for thin films decreases with increases nanocomposite and salt, the best result was for adding mixing of KPF6 salt with TiO2 nanocomposite to polymer PVP which was equal to 1.1eV for the weight ratio 20% of PVP/KPF6-TiO2 thin films.

Computed tomography (CT) is extensively used in clinical imaging modalities. There have recently been many reports to motivate for developing newer contrast agents. As a new contrast agent, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have gained recent attention. In this paper, the effects of parameters related to gold nanoparticles (sizes, shapes, concentrations, and surface chemistries) on X-ray attenuation beam in human nasopharyngeal cancer cells were investigated.  Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Colony, and MTT assays were applied to measure the compatibility of the NPs in cells. Our findings indicated that the GNPs with Au core sizes of ~13 nm and ~60 nm and polyethylene glycol covering on gold nanorods (PEG-GNRs) are non-cytotoxic and GNRs with an aspect ratio of 2.4 and 4.2 are toxic in a concentration range. At 80 kVp, GNPs (13 nm) enables 3.03–times higher contrast than iodine at a concentration of 5000 μM. The GNPs (13 nm) X-ray attenuations were 2.55-times and 1.63-times higher than PEG-GNRs and GNPs (60 nm) in cancer cells, respectively. X-ray attenuation highly increased when the concentration of mass (measured by ICP-OES) of NPs was elevated. In sum, smaller spherical GNPs can be proposed as an excellent possibility to Omnipaque for CT imaging of nasopharyngeal cancer cells.

P-type Titanium dioxide nanorods (NRs) film has successfully prepared by growing Cr-doped TiO2 nanorods on the surface of the Fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass slide (FTO) using the hydrothermal technique. From X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, pure and Cr doped TiO2 were Polycrystalline with two phases, Rutile and Anatase. Optical energy gap was found about (3.0 - 3.3 eV) which is estimated from Uv-Vis and fluorescence measurements. According to hall effect measurement undpoed TiO2 NRs shows negative conductivity while doped films shows positive conductivity.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are charged nanoparticles with a high aspect ratio derived from the most common biological polymer, cellulose. Acid hydrolysis is one of the most common methods for CNC production. Whatman #1 filter paper was hydrolyzed by sulfuric acid and characterized by AFM in this research to examine the morphology and size distribution of CNCs. One drop of CNC suspension was air-dried on microscope cover glass to be analyzed by AFM with non-contact mode. The CNC dimensions were determined by measuring individual and isolated particles (n=88) via Nanosurf Easyscan2 software. The measurement data was analyzed by Excel statistically. Synthesized CNCs were ellipsoidal with the length, height, and aspect ratio of 219.87 ± 42.12, 6.25 ± 2.27, and 41.17 ± 21.70 nm, respectively. Although the length and height of the produced CNCs were in acceptable range, but the width of CNCs was an overestimation and it was not reliable, mostly due to AFM tip broadening effect. Particle size measurement of CNCs is a challenging process because of their rapid aggregation and rod shape. Although hydrolysis parameters are influential on the final shape and size of CNCs, but it is necessary to optimize and maximize the quality of sample preparation and AFM adjustment to obtain the size of CNCs with the most accuracy and reliability. The CNC dimensions were determined by AFM are slightly different in the literature but height (thickness) is the most reliable one based on this experiment. Further studies are required to standardize CNC size measurement by AFM.

In this study, samples of iron oxide nanoparticles in magnetic form (MNPs) were produced by co-precipitation technique. Prepared MNPs was coated with gelatin or gum Arabic to decrease toxicity and enhance stability. The characteristics of coated and uncoated MNPs were investigated. Structurally, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) indicated that the produced nanoparticles were pure and crystalline, with diameter averages of 27.21, 39.35, and 55.30 nm for MNPs, gelatin-coated MNPs, and gum Arabic-coated MNPs, respectively. Spectrophotometry, Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Zeta Potential, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FE-SEM) had been used for more characterization. In contrast, the bioactivity of coated and uncoated NPs was determined. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was evaluated using the well diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. MNPs demonstrated significant and large diameters of growth were 27.5 and 30 mm against S. aureus and E. coli at 1000 µg/ml, respectively, but coated MNPs with either gelatin or gum Arabic had weak antibacterial activity against both species tested. Finally, the MTT assay was used to determine cytotoxic of coated and non coted MNPs against cancer cell line ( MCF-7) and normal cells (WRL68 ) as a control. MCF-7 had a viability of 65.1% in the presence of 400 g/ml of prepared MNPs, whereas WRL68 had a viability of 75.03 % . on the other hand , GAM demonstrated considerable vitality of 69.9% when examined against MCF-7, while it was 80.05% against normal cell line. GAM is a good

The advancement of nanocatalysts for chemical reaction progress in conjunction with the green chemistry parameters has been widely considered today. Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) have been extensively investigated due to their interesting photochemical, and electrochemical properties. Besides, heteroatom doping is a smart technique to adjust the catalytic properties of GQDs. Nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs) have rarely been introduced in the catalysis field. Therefore, we proposed a hydrothermal route for the straightforward fabrication of N-GQDs/ZnO/CuO heterojunction nanocomposites as an efficient nanocatalyst. Also, L-proline-linked N-GQDs/ZnO/CuO nanocomposites as a chiral retrievable catalyst in the synthesis of diastereoselective three-component reactions (4-bromophenacyl bromide, aromatic aldehydes, and 4-hydroxycoumarin) to afford of furocoumarins natural product. According to the obtained results, various parameters such as solvent, temperature, and pH range could control the nanocatalyst morphology. In the following, the catalytic activity of engineered heterojunction nanocomposite was screened in the one-pot diastereoselective synthesis of new and known furocoumarin derivatives natural product. During the three-component reaction progress, three new sigma bonds (two C-C and one C-O) were formed which led to the formation of the products in excellent yields (86-96 %) in a short time. Also, to achieve the highest catalytic efficiency, the influence of main parameters such as temperature, solvent, and the molar ratio of the nanocomposites were optimized. High diastereoselectivity, good to excellent atom economy, very short reaction time (35 min), reusability of catalyst (7 times), and a bit catalyst loading can be cited as the other notable features of this strategy.

In this research, MnCo2O4/Co3O4 nanocomposites were prepared via simple and fast microwave method. The effect of irradiation power and irradiation type (continuous and non-continuous irradiation) on crystalline structure, purity, size and morphological properties of products were investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), FT-IR and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) respectively. Results revealed that shape and morphological properties of MnCo2O4/Co3O4 nanocomposites can be affected via power and time of microwave irradiation. In the next step, prepared nanocomposites were applied for photodegradation of rhodamine B and methyl violet as organic pollutants. Findings demonstrated that MnCo2O4/Co3O4 nanocomposites can degrade rhodamine B and methyl violet via 58% and 61% efficiency.Transition-metal oxides based nanocomposites exhibit novel properties that significantly have different physical and chemical properties than those matrix material and the filler resulting [1-4]. In other hand, nanocomposites have a unique and attractive properties due to small size effect [5, 6]. Magnetic nanocomposites not only have unique size-dependent properties but also get benefits from interesting magnetic properties.

Nano scale statistical variability which arises from discreteness of charge and granularity of matter has become one of major concerns in digital design particularly in sub-50nm technology nodes. Device intrinsic parameters such as the threshold voltage and drive current will be influenced by random dopants, line edge roughness and gate grain granularity which in turn results in variation of SRAM cell performance. Therefore, providing an accurate statistical model is one of the key issues among SRAM design community. Since both 6T and 8T SRAMs are widely used in the industry as standard cells, this article analyzes sensitivity of static noise margin (SNM) in response to statistical variations in 6- and 8-transistor cells. The results show that though 8T cells need more transistors and thus consume more area on the wafer compared with 6T cells, they are more stable and thus are better candidates for variability aware design in future technology nodes.

In this study CoFe2O4 nanostructures were synthesized via a facile precipitation method without using any surfactant and capping agent in solvent of water. Then Zinc sulphides with various doping metals (Ni, Co , Cu and Ag) were prepared. Finally metal doped CoFe2O4-ZnS nanocomposites were made by a fast chemical procedure. The prepared products were subjected to various analyses of structural (XRD), optical (UV–visible) , the formation of bonds using the (FTIR) spectrometry and surface layer morphology via SEM. Vibrating sample magnetometer shows the ferromagnetic property of the ferrite nanostructures. The photocatalytic behaviour of CoFe2O4-ZnS-metal doped nanocomposites was evaluated using the degradation of three azo dyes (acid violet, acid blue, methyl orange) under ultraviolet light irradiation. The results introduce a nanocomposite with applicable magnetic and photocatalytic performance.Vibrating sample magnetometer shows the ferromagnetic property of the ferrite nanostructures. The photocatalytic behaviour of CoFe2O4-ZnS-metal doped nanocomposites was evaluated using the degradation of three azo dyes (acid violet, acid blue, methyl orange) under ultraviolet light irradiation. The results introduce a nanocomposite with applicable magnetic and photocatalytic performance.

Cancer is recognized as a one of the major health hazards worldwide and also accounts for one in eight deaths globally. Chemotherapy, which is considered a principal treatment in cancer, is plagued by significant limitations because of its imminent drug resistance.

Our focus should be in providing effective and long lasting treatment procedures without compromising longevity and quality of life of cancer patients. Resistance to chemotherapeutics and designing an effective means of drug delivery system, to overcome cancer treatment failure, remain a challenging task for researchers and scientists.

nanoparticles (NPs) are broadly being applied to improve the therapeutic index, because of their higher bioavailability, solubility and retention time. Apart from that, several studies have used poly butyl cyanoacrylate (PBCA) as one of the most common carriers in drug delivery purpose for the treatment of cancer .PBCA and its co-polymers are important in designing NPs with desired characteristics such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, smaller particle size, unique surface properties, facile drug release and target specificity. In this article,

we aim to review and summarize the literature behind the use of PBCA nanoparticles as an effective drug carrier in the treatment of different cancers.

Six types of new nanocomposites materials were synthesizing as dental composites, that based on the different sets of unsaturated monomers (where they know by groups name of (A, B, C, D, E, and E)) in addition to 2, 2 propyl bisphenol glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) and inorganic Nanofillers [SiO2, ZrO2, HA, and Al2O3] which adding individually, were characterized for the reason of assessed their promising applications as restorative materials in the dentistry field. The flexural strength and flexural modulus of the prepared dental nanocomposites were examined and the results were widely discussed and connected to the composition materials of these composites. The results show that the composites with specific monomers (BIS-GMA, meth acrylamide, methacrylic acid, and 1-6 hexanediol methacrylate) for the group (D) that reinforced with silica nanoparticle have elevated flexural properties as compared with other types of the prepared nanocomposite, where these values reached to(144 MPa and 5.4 GPa) for flexural strength and flexural modulus respectively.

There are several types of nanoparticles, and it may be that metals and their oxides have been important since ancient times for medical uses, Iron Oxide NPs was preferred among all for its unique properties, supernatant of gram positive Bacillus Coagulans bacteria was employed in synthesis of IONPs as stabilizing and bio reducing agent, the synthesized iron oxide NPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD),Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Atomic force microscope(AFM) ,the short incubation time and rapid precipitated in the synthesis protocol of NPs resulting in fine agglomeration and small size of particles were calculated from (XRD) in avenge about 15.2 nm , and to reveal the activity of IONPs as an antibacterial and antibiofilm formation agent respectively, it was experimented against Uropathogenic E.coli bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection (UTIs) patients, by well diffusion method and it was exhibited potent antibacterial activity in depends on concentration ,also Fe3O4 NPs was displayed strong antibiofilm activity were test in concentration of MIC at 150 µg/ml through two methods, congo red and tube method .

The surface of BiOCl nanosheets, prepared by a simple hydrothermal method, was decorated by carbon quantum dots (CQDs) through a microwave-assisted procedure. According to Diffuse Reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), light-harvesting properties improved significantly, which was explainable based on the bandgap of the final photocatalyst, 1.15 eV. Elemental analysis results coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images proved changes in the morphological characteristics after adding CQDs to the support; While in powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, there was no indication of further crystalline phases on the surface of BiOCl nanosheets. The photocatalytic performance of the nanostructures was evaluated by Congo red dye removal under visible light at room temperature. The photoreaction obeyed first-order kinetics with the rate constant of 0.011 min-1. According to the experiments, photodegradation was noticeably affected by catalyst dosage, dye concentration, and pH, which were all optimized. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared nanostructure was mechanistically discussed, considering the desirable role of CQDs towards reaching superior photoactivity.

In this work, the electrodeposition of Ni1-xFex/ITO/Glass, thin films in sulfate bath was carrying out in the present work. The XRD technique, Scanning Electron microscopy SEM and EDS, Van Der Paw electrical measurements, have been used as principal work techniques to investigate the structural, compositional and electrical properties of Ni1-xFex obtained at different electrodeposition times. Thickness, roughness and surface quality were investigated by the medium of contact stylus profilometry measurement technique. The grain size D values were found to change in the range of 48 until 106 nm. It was shown that primary texture tilt onto at the 1080 s electrodeposition time. This may take part of abnormal behavior in our films. Electrical resistivity ρ, average grain size D, thickness t and roughness are majorly affected by overall texture tilt and present correlations between each other’s. Ni1-xFex films micrographs have been served for confirmation and achievement of the present work.

A comprehensive study was carried out on the strain-induced martensitic transformation, its reversion to austenite, the resultant grain refinement, and the enhancement of strength and strain-hardening ability through the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect in a commercial stainless steel with emphasis on the mechanisms and the microstructural evolution. It is shown that depending on the cooling rate and temperature conditions of austenite decomposition, pearlitic and martensitic transformations proceed with the formation of gradient-layered structure, modernization of steel surface layer structure is obtained while the chemical composition, structure and the central layer properties of the processed product remain unchanged. The non-diffusive martensitic transformation is developed in the surface zone that makes the formation of needle martensite. In the underlying layers, the decomposition of austenite proceeds by diffusion and is followed by the formation of a lamellar ferrite-carbide mixture of different degrees of dispersion. It is noted that the formation in the surface layer of plasma-strengthened steel of the gradient-layered structure allows to exclude the formation of a sharp transition from martensite structures to trostite-martensite and mixed lamellar structures, which is a concentrator of internal residual stresses.

Nanosensors with high sensitivity utilize electrical, optical, and acoustic properties to improve the detectionlimits. The unique and exceptional properties of nanomaterials (large surface area to volumeratio, composition, charge, reactive sites, physical structure and potential) are exploited for sensingpurposes. The concern about the safe environment on the road, especially during the maintenance and repairing process, the application of Signal Warning Detector (SWAD) be applied to help reduce the percentage of having a fatal accident that involves the maintenance worker and the highway users. This system was created to alert the workers from the danger that will warn them through 3 ways, such as sound, vibration and visual. It is important to develop the transmitter device and the receiver device that can be connected as a wireless system to ensure the worker can move freely while working and not being constricted by the connecting wire. This system is one of the safety procedures for workers while working the highway emergency lanes. The model of the casing is drawn by SolidWorks and static analysis was used to analyze the stress, displacement and strain on the device’s casing suitable with the environment working field to get an appropriate material and mechanical structure design. The analysis for the system based on the design of experiments and demonstration in real situations.

Gray mold disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the serious factors that reduce storage period and marketing life of tomato. The decrease of post-harvest wastage of tomato by environmentally friendly fungicides would be of great significance to farmers and consumers. Accordingly, using of antifungal activities of various metal nanoparticles can be suitable method for the management of postharvest disease. In this study, the extract of Rosmarinus officinalis was applied to green synthesis of copper nanoparticles by fast preparation method. Characterizations of green copper nanoparticles were tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The size of copper nanoparticles were at about 100-300 nm. We examined the in vitro antifungal activity of green copper nanoparticles against B.cinerea with different concentrations and the strong inhibitory rate was observed in 15 mmol/l green copper nanoparticles at five day after inoculation. Also, the fruits quality of tomato at 10 days after artificially inoculated by B.cinerea and maintained at 24 °C were improved with increasing copper nanoparticles concentrations. According to our results, the green copper nanoparticles can be a good alternative to decrease the tomato fruits rots in comparison chemical fungicides.Keywords: Tomato, Botrytis cinerea, Green, Copper noparticles, Fruit quality.